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New Generation Reproductive Technologies (stem cells, nanotechnology)

I. Advances in the placenta and development embryo

1.Abstract:
Early embryonic development requires detailed research if we are to reduce mortality embryo. details embryo mortality have been reviewed (Wani, 2005). Anomalies in reproduction have been discussed and a photograph of sequential presentation of embryo mortality have recently been published (Khatoon et al 2007). The critical period in the maximum miscarriages go unnoticed is the period before the acquisition. Losses before the actual marriage fetal-maternal tissue may be lost and calculations estimates of embryonic mortality still missing. Some recent studies (Wani, 2006, Khatoon et 2006) have the paved a new model for innovative research in maternal-fetal development and its annex. This paper describes the detailed embryonic development, blastocyst elongation, the formation of the cotyledons within elongated blastocyst, its ramifications and networking of vessels and the formation of the unity of the placenta of the fetus. By contrast, a detailed photographic evidence of uterine receptivity, the formation of multiple applications of an immunological barrier, the onset of fetal-maternal mechanism barrier to along with the formation of wattles, the formation of uterine milk and finally the union of cotyledous with wattle has been photographically documented.
2.Introduction:
Second and third generation animals examined as biotechnology (Wani, 2005) are multiple ovulation, embryo transfer, preservation, cloning, a division of micromanipulation and nuclear transfer embryos. The fourth generation display technologies have advanced beyond our imagination and we now have transgenic goats give milk rich in insulin. (Wani 2007). The technology of stem cells, embryonic cell culture, pronuclear microinjection, in addition to sperm-mediated transgenesis have been in use and are, in fact, reviewed and discussed (Wani, 2005, 2007).
The implementation of this development for the diagnosis, therapeutic and economic uses especially their transfer to human medicine or for use in the field of industrial requirements of animals for research and evaluation.
The other fact that may be of importance is the number of cells per embryo. During the first day of these cells may be two, but after eight days increases the number of cells to 120 or more. It takes 32 hours for oocysts after fertilization the embryo to reach the cell two. Another 13 hours needed for their development in a four-cell embryo. In another 15 hours 8-cell stage is reached. It is from here onwards that it takes 30 hours for an embryo becomes a morula. This has been one of the most critical periods of embryonic development in sheep. A diagram of the various stages genematic follical maturation of oocyte development and further development has been reported (Wani 2005a) contained in the website is also shown that the protein content after fertilization to 16 days increased by 7,500 times embryo. Morphologically, the size varies from one embryo Ovid spherical to lengthen intercourse after the last 13 days. New protein synthesis per unit of embryo is increased during the 8-13 day embryos. Del Similarly phosphorylation per unit of embryos is also ten times more in embryos of 8 days of age and subsequent stages. Glucose and lactose production increased up to 16 days and maximum metabolic weight is up to 14 days last intercourse. For the synthesis of production increased, the amino acid requirements are made through the production of acids and Allanic glutonic by embryos. The matobolic products to get rid of the amines. Signal transduction from the maternal to fetal controls have been discussed (Moris et al 2001).
3. Dominant follicular dynamics
The animal products, veterinary medical packages, profitable genetic (trait) improved DNA chips, providing greater resistance genetic makeup will have a new role in the future. During the following next super advanced technology-driven century, we must be prepared to use technologies for 4th generation Animal Welfare and protection mechanisms. We and used ultrasound laparoscopy and 30 years (Wani et al, 1979, 1981.1982 Wani) which has become a buzz "words and more sophisticated and updated by my students around the world (Aggarwal, 2006, Wani, 2006). Our concept of finger printing DNA of cashmere goats in 1990 Khatlani et al (1995) has crossed the barriers of advancement technology. Today, in these pages, we present our own results
1. Embryonic development, the formation of the cotyledons, blactocyst branching vascular system development, networking of blood vessels to form the early placenta, their union and attachment processes. We describe morphological physiology, endocrinology, histochemistry and receptor analysis supports our observations. This is the fifth generation reproductive technology base models for the development of in vitro-foetida.
For the sixth – tenth generation reproductive scientists we present a theoretical hypothesis in the form vision -2050 of.
2. The use of stem cells, germ cells and nanotechnology for the production of disease free, very prolific reproductive gametes, its preservation and conservation. The use of these and other next-generation molecular diagnostics related to bio-DNA will also be discussed.

4. Changes morphology of the uterus:
Early pregnancy morphological landmarks of the uterus have been described only by external rectal cattle (Zamznis, 1976) some of its important characteristics are summarized in a booklet (Wani, 1986). Describes easily palpable signs of pregnancy Early in the bovine and compared their observations with equines, sheep and goats. Some early signs of pregnancy on physical examination were:

i) The presence of corpus luteum of early pregnancy 15 days post-coitus
ii) Asymmetry of uterine horns 30-35 days post coitus
iii) The fluctuations around to 40-49 days in cattle. Since then the signs of advanced pregnancy fetus feel membrance and slips. Palpation of placentomes and full of fetus fetal membranes are known.
Several events of the signs of the fetus have been described (Wani, 1986). The month wise morphological assessment the sheep fetus has been reported (Mufti 1995, the Mufti et al, 1997). Several reports of reviews and books now describe events in the development fetus (Wani, 2005, 2006, 2007).
5. the conceptus in vitro-fetal Development
Pregnancy is an intimate association between the mother and fetus. The protective cover of the mother and wattle over wrap of the cotyledons fetal membranes blastocysts, transformed into the fetal membranes to the "homograph" status to the fetus. The neck of ruminants mechanism has been discussed (Gray et 2002). Their latest findings and accessories are the subject of one of our students.
We have tried Univel mechanism of many dark in the formation of a blastocyst, plancentation and development of cotyledons. Protective coatings on mucin and uterine caruncle cotyledons union with Snape.
The internal changes have been correlated with biochemical, morphological and histochemical characteristic of the uterus and histoanatomic taxed and untaxed.
6. Maternal interaction-whip:
Estrogen, progesterone in fetal and maternal blood were estimated with estrogen receptor concentrations of progesterone in pregnancy and not been pregnant.
endometrial receptivity has been discussed (Huct-Hudson, et al, 1989, 1996 Wani, Wani, 2003, 205, 2006). Proliferation of uterine cells is influenced by E2 and P4. These hormones have their receptors in the uterus known as E2 (ER) P4 (PR) receptors (Lee and Demy 2004) have also investigated the same and are being analyzed. Our studies indicate certain changes that are projected to a new mechanism fetal-maternal union (Khatoon and Wani, 2007).
Various growth factors described (Wani 2006) may be useful in the future for in vitro-fetal growth.
7. Reproductive management
Reproductive management strategies to increase meat production could safely be divided into two types:
i. Traditional management: the animals are still managed under zero input / migratory / tribal or extensive management system. The implementation of the previously described methods will be limited. They can help indirectly in this system the best stallions available.
ii. Modern Management: Zero-grazing, stall-fed or semi-intensive commercial goat farming system may use the above methods to produce increasingly high-quality germplasm. They may use the variety reproduction technique improved or reported (Wani, 1996, Wani et al., 200th; Wani et al. 1998; Mufti et al., 1997; Wani and Sahani, 1981, Wani et al., 1986, 1987, 1988; Wani and Buchoo, 1991; Buchoo and Wani, 1991; Wani Wani, 1989, 1995, Wani, 1984a and b; Wani and Sahani, 1980a).
8. Improved fertility
fertility desired objectives have been discussed (Wani, 2001). Increased litter size, breeding early, safe / clean delivery, cultures of animal origin referred to time the introduction of elite genes are some of the objectives of desired fertility improvement. The limitations in achieving desired objectives in the sector of small ruminants are the problems of inbreeding, reproductive losses (Wani, et al., 1980, 1981, 1994), mating pre-pubertal mating, indiscriminate or illegal, diseases venereal diseases, nutrition and other pressures. These factors mentioned above refers to reducing the fertility status of ruminants especially under transhuman our immigration systems.
These limitations mentioned above could be overcome through the adoption of strategies for improvement (Wani, 2001), including the exchange of sires of the tribe, Gujjar, Bakarwals Chopans and reduce inbreeding. This could be ensured through the legislature or forced castrations and the introduction of outside the herd sires. The pregnancy detection methods described (Wani, 1981) and later used extensively in J & K, on condition of holding (Wani et al., 1998, Wani, 1989) the needs of adoption as a routine in each flock for better childcare and mother.
9. Biosensitivity Corpora lutea.

corpus luteum growth and development is the first sign of pregnancy before together with factors maternal recognition discussed (Wani, 1996). The corpus luteum development and responsiveness to PGF2 alpha is now known. The up and down the corpus luteum are insensitive to PGF2 alpha. What makes them insensitive and resurgent exploration need for sensitivity. It may be in the future, CL insensitivity may have direct effects on the survival of the embryo. Does conceptus CL do more sensitive to PGF2 alpha? Or in other words, is taxed and untaxed CL-CL behave similar or different from the PGF2 alpha. Many questions regarding the morphology ovarian, uterine environment and behavior patterns should be studied and related co-developed a secure system of handling and healing. In some species of CL pregnancy is necessary to delivery, in others only needed until the placenta develops. Its genesis is completed and biostimulation and bio-functions are unclear and future research needs.
10. Dominant follicle dynamics

The dynamics of the dominant follicle may be targeted for ovulation control. dominant follicle or will be the bride at every ovulation occurs around day 7 of the cycle in women. Occurs much earlier in the day-1 to 0 in ruminants (cows, sheep, goats). This point of time can be the center to discuss the future selective interference in the control of ovulation. antagonists during This phase has been shown to decrease estrogen levels in serum and an indirect allusion to the dominant follicle alteration, since it is one of the main source of this hormone during this phase (Fraser, 1987). dominant follicle during your stay to freedom and liberation in ovulation seems to attain some specific qualities. Why? It is the only one who is released from the bonds in the ovary (ovulation) and the rest of their competitors are hampered by the process and atretic follicles. What makes this dominant follicle to attain these qualities among a vast reserve of follicles need more study. In the next 50 years may be one means and blocking of a messaging system default trigger a dominant position in one or a few follicles destined to become the new offspring of that species. This system when decoded will offer new opportunities in the control of ovulation, both for contraception (women) or increased (animals). New gene pool of dominant follicles in ovaries of dead animals from high-performance helping to spread and multiply the elite.

In superovulation stimulating effect could be avoid the use of antagonists, such as dominant follicles seem to escape the repression, which prevents the overstimulation follicular selection and follicular cysts. Follicular fluid and contains components occyte pending biochemical signals to resume (meiosis) growth and development to ensure timely and healthy ovulation need further exploration (Lenton et al., 1988). Specific triggering signals occyte could help the in vitro release in the success rate occyte maturation.

11. the conceptus in vitro-fetal Development

The inclination meat production requires more studies on the development of the embryo. It affects prenatal development in three stages. The signs of early pregnancy, bone growth and nervous, a top priority. During half of gestation and subsequent development of the forelimbs. During late gestation muscle development, along with the peripheral extremities, including grow hair. In order to increase production of lean meat, research needed to investigate the relationship between hard and soft tissues. Derived from maternal and fetal interactions requires a probe. Some basic studies (Mufti, 1996) indicates the prospects for the manipulation of lean meat production (Wani, 2001, 2002 birth a) by the bio-stimulants during late gestation, which can help the production of muscular lambs / kids at birth, but the increase weight. More details have been described (Wani, 2001, 2002a) Fig.1-5). More studies are needed in the future, to reveal the exact mechanism of control in critical transition supply from mother to embryo genome. Application of recent techniques of reverse transcription, PCR and others may reveal details (Schultz et al., 1990).

12. Slaughter house follicle pool

A number of our endangered species die when weather conditions are hard and difficult. Under temperate conditions corpses are stuck in the snow for long. There is a hope of reviving their follicular pool. Our studies on the resumption of life using the follicles of sheep slaughtered and fertilizing them with sperm from the epididymis was a pioneering attempt in this direction (Wani, 1996) (Fig. 6-8). The protein content of unfertilized egg is about 100 mg in rabbit, 27 mg in mice (Brinister, 1967, 1971). The small genetic material need a comprehensive analysis to reveal the vast information and anticodans codans. egg maturation more or resumption of meiosis is initiated during childbirth or shortly before birth and therefore the number of follicles is fixed from birth. Therefore, the fetal ovary has to be manipulations especially in view of its lack of sensitivity immunologic (Guraya, 1985).
13. Gamete biosafety

Bacterial counts sperm into force an unprecedented number of sperm fertility (Kher and Dholokia, 1985), contaminational hazards have increased due to environmental pollution, pollution water and air. Above all, the development of resistance of battery and other microorganisms known to antibiotics (Gupta and Maurya, 1993). We examined the semen of about 40 bulls kept in the frozen semen bank, Rambirbag, Kashmir bacterial load in semen and sensitivity antibiotics tested (Koul, 2002).

The presence of bacteria in large quantities in semen, the effects on the quality and fertility (Kher and Dholokia, 1985). The source of contamination of semen varies from sites of inflammation and injury to the penis apparatus, contamination in the equipment, apparatus, thinners, solvents, air and laboratory environment. These dangers of pollution have increased with environmental pollution. Many bacteria have developed resistance to antibiotics routinely used (Maurya and Gupta 1993) in semen thinners inseminations made most critical and vulnerable. Further studies are needed in this direction are necessary to develop a free pool of germplasm of bio-safety and infection frozen and fresh semen in the future.

14. Maternal interaction-whip

The role of endometrial stromal cells during the pre-implantation needs further research. Some studies on the ultrastructure of the endometrium (Brinsfield et al., 1974) are still not sufficient to meet questions. What is the role of immune cells and endometrial cells in the immune barrier construction to protect the fetus. fetal biology is the field of research abarren in the world. After some initial steps by Dr Moris young in the UK and D. Srivastava in India only scattered information is available on the subject (and Buchoo Wani, 1990; Mufti, 1996). There is still much to be made public to the 2050. The influence of placental hormone breast development and milk production of the dam. fetal membranes serve as the main source of trade nutritious. The provision of the cotyledons, wattles, placement of a single embryo and twin complexes indicate mechanisms with common roots. (Mufti et al., 2000) These mechanisms of maternal interaction and relationships whip emphasis on proper diagnosis and fetal number corresponding maternal nutritional management strategies.

15. Nanotechnology:

In proceedings of the pages we've seen the role of biotechnology in animal reproduction. The future generations will reap the benefits in terms of Micron Technology precise level being replaced by technology-invisible nanogram level of nanotechnology. Now, even converging technologies is formed as a result of the merger of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in biomedicine, biotechnology, bio-sciences, engineering genetics and information technology.
The cognitive sciences such as neuro-sciences, information technology, communication can be combined with nanotechnology so mystical and deterministic science shows will appear as "Majic sample." This new technology wave "can be defined our spirit-wavelengths. Many unresolved or resolved facts birth and genetic constitution as it was known send messages of saints Sagic, co and fakirs.

The birth of a technology requires patience from the public and policy makers. In the past, "Michael Faraday" – The inventor of the electric generator, was asked by the then Minister of Finance as to what use the electricity they generate. Argues, but no convincing argument from the accounting. Finally, he promised that one day when you can tax. Today a remote destination on earth requires 24 hours of electricity. They never discuss its price, but its availability as a savoir to life and become a doctor, veterinarian or any other field. Faraday and I profess and advocate experiments on the use of nanotechnology in animal reproduction today. It may sound strange, but in my life I'm going to see a close-up the role of nanotechnology in animal reproduction.

16. What is Nanotechnology

Technology related to features of nanometer scale. Thus, given known in minute detail gametes, head of the sperm-zona pellucida collision was filmed. The explosion radial cortical reaction is unknown. All chemical messengers was released in nano-level.
The shape of gametes, zygotes, embryos and fetal development in nanolevel give birth to new additions to our knowledge. The use of such information using programming languages, hard and soft this knowledge are dispensable and can be used in remote corners of the universe ". Combing cognitive mythical and mysterious occurs in the womb can be recorded and translated by nano-ultra-sonography.
This futuristic vision of nanotechnology is still nanographic information and has been described (Mordini, E, 2007).
Nanotechnology can enable us to send tiny nano chips in the uterus of the animal send signals that we want to know for the prevention of disease. The stem cell technology, stem cells are combined with nanotechnology bring new hope and a future for propapagation Gene-technology-ETT-AI Combine. It may sound like sending a wave of spirit to fertilize an egg "- which shows "God in the Quran Word to create the through Chirst mystical spirit. This and the convergence of other known reproductive technologies challenge for us in the future
Nanaoparticels agents can be developed that can use the blood and transported to cure durgs disease at the molecular level. Thus, a new mechanism for selecting the smallest infectious agents could be a possibility.
17. Stem cell-Technology:
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells. The embryo at morula stage have undifferentiated blastomeres. These cells can transform themselves into 200 or more cell type that could be used to repair or regenerate new target cells. This advanced cell research can help people ill and those suffering from cancer, Alzheimer's disease syndrome, Parkinson's disease and even paralysis.
Stem cells derived from embryos 4-5 days of age or fertilized cells. Stem cells, the technology has a new role to play in animal reproduction.
First, the source of stem cells could be pooled oocytes slaughter house or the vast reservoir of embryos hatching in many animal species.
Second, the origin cell culture could be obtained from the fetus and whether the new cell immunoprotectant fetal adult could help or provide any specific germ cell particular organ, organ repair could be a new revolution.

About the Author

Professor Ghulam Mohyuddin Wani did his Ph.D from IVRI, Izatnagar in 1985 in Animal Reproduction / Gynaecology and got Dr. Med. Vet.**Additional Doc. Degree from Veterinary Institute, Deemed Univ. Hannover Germany in 1984 in the field of Animal Reproduction/ Production. He also earned DAAD Fellowship(Post Doc.) from German Academic Exchange, Hannover, Germany in Animal Breeding institute, Buetweg, Hannover,Germany and is currently Director Extension Education and Director SAMETI in the S.K. University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar – Srinagar.
This article was Invited Lead paper presented at Indian Society for study of Animal Reproduction (ISSAR) Conference held at Agricultural University, Bunwashwar, Orissa – on 7th to 9th Dec, 2007.
The author can be contacted at: P.O.Box: 461, GPO, Srinagar by post or mailed at wanimohyuddin@yahoo.com